We will meet January 26 to discuss The Annals by Roman historian and senator Tacitus. The Annals is a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, the years AD 14–68.
Meeting Information:
Location: Kansas City Public Library, Plaza Branch, Small Meeting Room
Address: 4801 Main Street, Kansas City, MO
Date: January 26, 2018
Time: 7:00 pm
Click on "Comments" below to access notes by Bernard Norcott-Mahany.
Advice from Bernard Norcott-mahany:
ReplyDeleteIn reading the "Annals," I'd like to make the following recommendation to the group, if they are finding it tough going (there are some tough passages). Focus on reading Book I, to get an overall sense of the work, and then Books XII-XVI (end of Claudius' reign, and first decade or so of Nero's reign). Those books have the best parts.
Link to Bernie's review of "Annals," by Tacitus:
ReplyDeletehttps://www.goodreads.com/review/show/2231304377?book_show_action=false&from_review_page=1
Breakdown of Tacitus’ Annals, according to Donald Dudley’s translation. Most of the quotations are
ReplyDeletefrom the translation by Cynthia Damon.
Book l, background, and then I4- l 5 CE
NOTE: ln calling his work, the Annals, Tacitus was calling to mind the traditional chronicles of Roman
history that marked out events year by year (rather than subject by subject). He doesn’t fully follow this
practice, but attempts to do so. Given the complexity of the Roman Empire, it is not surprising he
cannot adhere to a strict, year-by-year account.
1-5: Background. Tacitus fast-forwards through hundreds of years of Roman history to get to the last
years of Augustus’ reign. ln these opening sections, he sets up the Republic as the model, where
freedom ruled, as against the monarchy and the empire, in which a single ruler predominates. Tacitus
notes that Augustus tried to hide this fact by calling himself “princeps” (“first-citizen” or “leader” of the
Senate), holding on to tribunician power (the absolute right of veto) and tribunician protection (the
tribune was sacrosanct against political violence). Tribunes historically had been the defenders of the
common against the upper class.
6-7: The Murder of Agrippa Postumus. The grandson of Augustus, and son of his ally, Agrippa, is killed,
ostensibly to clear the path for Tiberius. There were suggestions that the empress, Livia, was involved.
8-10: The Funeral of Augustus. As one might imagine, the funeral of Augustus, who had been emperor
for a bit over 40 years, was a big deal. There was also the possibility of the restoration of the Republic
(Rome ruled by two consuls, elected annually, with real power resting in the Senate) as Augustus
claimed, when he assumed the imperial powers, that he had restored the Republic. Care is taken that
the announcement of Augustus’ death is not made until Tiberius is in charge.
11- 15: The Opening of the Reign of Tiberius. Tiberius would rule as emperor for about 23 years, and
that long reign, coupled with Augustus’ long reign, produced a situation where there was almost no one
who had been alive when the Republic existed. lt made it pretty much impossible for any restoration of
the Republican form of government, though some, including Tacitus, held on to a romantic yearning for
that now discarded form of government.
Book 1 (Continued)
ReplyDelete16-30: Mutiny along the Danube. The switch of rulers, coupled with difficult situations (low pay, long
service in dangerous circumstances), result in mutinous thoughts. The first such revolt takes place
among the troops in Pannonia, on the Danube.
31 -51: Mutiny in Germany. Another such revolt. Germany was a volatile area for the Romans. About a
half dozen or so years earlier, a Roman commander named Varus, was trapped and wiped out in the
Black Forest by a German commander, Hermann (Arminius). The loss of two full legions and some
more was a great blow to Roman morale, and resulted in a digging in on the part of the Romans -
defense rather than offense. The same concerns as the troops in Pannonia expressed are voiced, but
more widely. Tiberius’ nephew, Germanicus (son of Tiberius’ brother, Drusus), was a very popular
general, and seen largely as a threat to Tiberius. Tacitus floats the idea that Germanicus and his brother
Drusus were the last best hope of the republic being restored. Look at how Germanicus, his wife,
Agrippina (the elder) and his little son Gaius (AKA Caligula, “Little Boots” - so named for the little
military outfit he wore) are presented.
52: Events in Rome. Some rumblings over Germanicus’ efforts to nip the revolt through some
concessions.
53-54: The Death ofjulia. julia had been Augustus’ only child, a daughter, who had a reputation of a
very vivid sexual life. ln Robert Graves’ novel, I, Claudius, Augustus, in a speech to the Senate,
exclaimed, “ls there any man in the Senate (about 300 men or so) who has not slept with my daughter?"
She was a big embarrassment to Augustus, who preached a return to Roman values (sexual purity being
high among them), and she had been married to Tiberius. She was exiled from Rome and died in exile.
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15 CE
55-71: Events in Germany
72-75: The Law of Treason: one of Tacitus’ big concerns with the Imperial State is the loss of Iibertas
(loosely translated “Iiberty,” this has other connotations -for a member of the senatorial class like
Tacitus, Iibertas refers to senatorial privilege and dignity. A law which classifies treason as any outward
criticism of the emperor cuts back on even the illusion of senatorial privilege and dignity. Much of
Tacitus’ political career took place in the reign of Domitian (8I-96 CE), an emperor as bad as Nero,
who was quite good at silencing critics. This law under Tiberius is the real beginning of that senatorial
decline.
76-81: Other Events of the Year
Book II: The years I6 to I9 CE. The consuls are given to mark the years. NOTE: Rome had two ways
ReplyDeleteto mark any given year: they could mark dates by referring to Rome’s founding (traditional date was 753
BCE). So the death of Augustus took place in 768 AUC (768 years from the founding of the city). Or,
they could refer to the consular year (who were consuls for a given year). So 16 CE is the year when
Sisena Statilius Taurus and L. Scribonius Libo were consuls. This works in the short term, but when
Tacitus is speaking of events 80 or so years prior to his composition of the Annals, this could get messy.
It would be like saying, “in the 11th year of Franklin Delano RooseveIt’s presidency” in lieu of saying “in
1943).
16CE
1-4: The Eastern Problem. On the eastern boundary of Roman territories in the Middle East, Romans
faced one of their fiercest adversaries, the Parthians. The Parthians had defeated M. Licinius Crassus in
53 BCE and wiped out some legions. Following that defeat, Rome and Parthia held to a difficult peace,
but there was always the concern that troubles could break out anew.
5-8: War in Germany.
9-11: Encounter with Arminius. This is the same Arminius (Hermann), who led the German forces
against Varus in 9 CE, which resulted in the destruction of two Roman legions in the Black Forest.
12-18: Battle of Idistaviso
19-22: Battle in the Forest. Germanicus is successful generally against the Germans in the forest, but he
is careful to remain modest in his attitude to avoid criticism and the emperor’s disdain.
23-25: The Great Storm. There is a great storm that badly damages the Roman fleet in Germany, but
Germanicus is able to rouse his men with word of the discovery of Varus’ standards.
26: Withdrawal of Germanicus. Germanicus is called to Rome. Tiberius suggests they share the
consulship again in the coming year. Tacitus thinks that the reasoning is fictitious, that Tiberius was
jealous of Germanicus and wanted to keep an eye on him.
27-32: Rome. The Case of Libo Drusus. Libo Drusus was brought up on charges of consulting with
astrologers, ostensibly to enrich himself and gain power. He is falsely accused, but begs mercy of the
emperor and ultimately commits suicide.
33: Rome. A Debate on Luxury. Though some speak forcefully for Roman frugality and parsimony, like
ancestors of old, Asinius Gallus argues that new times and greater resources mean greater spending is
OK. This does not sit well with Tacitus
34: Rome: The Conduct of L. Piso. Piso claims that he is going into retirement, but Tiberius does not
want him to do so. Urgulania’s independence is criticized.
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35-38: Rome: Debates in the Senate. Asinius Gallus recommends that Tiberius nominate praetors and
consuls 5 years out. Tiberius argues that asks too much for one man. Hortensius Hortalus asks for
money, claiming that he only got married because Augustus so directed him. Tiberius gives some
money, but is not happy.
39-40: Rome. The Plot of Clemens. Clemens was a former slave of Agrippa, who looked rather like
Agrippa. Clemens adopts the persona of the dead Agrippa to stir up trouble. He is caught and sent to
Tiberius, and then quietly done away with.
41: Other events of I6 CE. A triumphal arch is erected in honor of Germanicus’ getting Varus’ standards
back; Temple of Fors Fortuna is built. Statue of deified Augustus also erected.
17CE
41-42: The Triumph of Germanicus. Germanicus has a triumph in Germany and the people are wowed
by him and his family in the triumphal procession. Popular favor, though, will not save him.
43: Germanicus in the East. Germanicus is given maius imperium (greater power) over the governors of
the Eastern provinces. But Gnaeus Piso is made governor of Syria, and he works as a check on
Germanicus. Germanicus and his brother, Drusus, have good relations.
44-46: Germany, Arminius and Maroboduus. Drusus is put in charge of army at lllyricum to gain military
training. Trouble between Arminius and Maroboduus in Germany.
Book II (Continued)
ReplyDelete47: The Great Asian Earthquake. Major earthquake rocks I2 cities in Asia, esp. Sardis. Relief to the
major cities ravaged is forthcoming, while a senator is sent to investigate and evaluate the situation.
48: Rome. Tiberius’ Generosity. Tiberius does not take advantage of those who die intestate (state gets
funds ordinarily). He does hate spendthrifts and has some expelled from Senate.
49: Temples Restored.
50-51: The Law of Treason. Appuleia Vasilla is accused of slandering Augustus, Tiberius and Livia.
Tiberius does not bother with statements made against him or Livia, and with lesser charges, case is
dropped. Dispute over who will be new praetor.
52: Africa: the Revolt of Tacfarinas. Tacfarinas, a Numidian, is stopped from attack on Roman forces by
Furius Camillus - Furius’ modesty keep him from becoming a target of imperial rage
18 CE
53-54: Germanicus in the East. Germanicus visits various sites in Asia as he travels about on his fact-
finding mission. At oracle at Claros, he gets veiled message that his death will come soon.
55: Piso in the East. Piso threatens the Athenians when he comes to Athens and argues that Germanicus
is too soft. Despite Piso’s insubordination, Germanicus saves him when his fleet struggles in a Storm.
56: The Problem of Armenia. Armenia, located between Roman territory and Parthian territory, and
hating both places, is often a trouble spot.
57-58: Syria: Germanicus and Piso. Germanicus tries to get along with Piso, but Piso’s insubordination
and the anger against him on the part of Germanicus’ people leads to the wo being open enemies.
19 CE
59-6l: Germanicus in Egypt. Again, Germanicus likes visiting the tourist spots, as he visits Egypt to check
on the grain supply. Tiberius calls him to task for going to Egypt without permission (a rule that had
been set up by Augustus required Roman officials to get permission from the emperor before visiting
Egypt).
4
62-63: Germany. The End of Maroboduus. Drusus spurs on Catualdi, a young king, into challenging
Maroboduus. There’s the start of war, but Tiberius offers sanctuary to Maroboduus in ltaly.
64-67: Thrace: the End of Rhescuporis. Augustus divided up Thrace between two brothers, but now
Rhescuporis is trying to edge his brother out. Tricked by Pomponius Flaccus, a “friend,” Rhescuporis
goes to Rome, where he is convicted by the Senate and while in exile, is killed “during escape.”
68: The End of Vonones. Vonones is killed by Remmius, perhaps to quiet any suggestion of complicity
between the two.
69-75: Syria: the Death and Funeral of Germanicus. Germanicus returns to Syria where he learns that
his orders were either ignored or reversed by Piso. He falls ill, and suspicion is cast on Piso’s wife as
possibly poisoning him, or using witchcraft. He dies, and advises Agrippina to not make too much a fuss
to avoid being targeted. At funeral, Germanicus is compared to Alexander. A new governor is
appointed for Syria, and the matter of Germanicus’ death is referred to Rome for investigation.
76-84: The Conduct of Piso. Piso is jubilant over news of Germanicus’ death. He tries to get Syria back,
arming deserters and others, but fails, and has to return to Rome to answer charges. News of
Germanicus’ death hits the Romans hard.
85-88: Events in Rome. Senate passes a bill forbidding women, knight-level or better, from registering as
prostitute. Worshippers of the Egyptian gods orjewish God are expelled. Domitius Pollio’s daughter
chosen as new Vestal Virgin. Grain prices denounced.
Book lll: the years 20-22 CE
ReplyDelete20 CE
1-9: Rome: the Obsequies of Germanicus (20 CE) Agrippina returns to Rome to acclaim, with crowds all
along her way. Tiberius tries to put the kibosh on funeral celebrations. Piso returns to Rome and tries
to win over allies
10-19: Rome: the Trial and Death of Piso The fix is large in against Piso. His wife Plancina has the
protection of Livia, and she separates herself from her husband. Tiberius appears neutral, but is secretly
hostile. He commits suicide and asks for imperial clemency towards his son, which Tiberius largely
grants. This, by the way, was pretty common. lf one fell out of favor with the emperor, one could
commit suicide which avoided a long drawn out trial, and trouble, and, in return, the emperor would not
take the inconvenience out on one’s family.
20-21: Africa: the War with Tacfarinas Noteworthy element in these paragraphs is that one cohort fails
to do its duty and is then decimated (1/10 men in the unit are executed). lt has the desired effect in that
the army picks up the slack. Helvius Rufus, a common soldier, is singled out for bravery and
performance above and beyond...
22-24: Rome: the Scandals among the Aristocracy Charges are brought against Aemelia Lepida for
poisoning and adultery. She is sent into exile. Tacitus notes that the noble families of the Calpurnii and
the Aemelii have lost members in the same year. Piso was of the Calpurnian house.
25-28: Excursus on the Origins of Civil Law A common feature in some Roman authors is to bewail the
lost simplicity in modern times. Tacitus is no exception, noting that primitive peoples have little need
for civil laws, while Rome has all sorts of rules and regulations. He notes that the more unjust the state,
the more laws it’s likely to have. He records that the Pappia/Poppaea law argues that the state is the
universal parent, and so it can confiscate property from those who do not propagate.
29: Rome: Other Events of the Year
30: Rome: Obituaries of the Year The death of Sallustius Crispus, descended from the Roman historian
Sallust, whom Tacitus calls Rome’s greatest (suggests a disdain for Livy, the historian who flourished
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under Augustus). This Sallustius Crispus had a great deal of influence, without holding high political
office.
21 CE
31: Tiberius Consul for 4th time, and Drusus consul for 2nd time (21 CE)
32: Africa
33-38: A Debate on Governors’ Wives Praetor Caecina argues against governors’ wives accompanying
them to the province as a distraction at best, and a cause of scandal at worst. Drusus, though argues in
favor of allowing the wives to accompany their husbands, and the matter is adopted in Drusus’ favor.
Book III (Continued)
ReplyDelete38-39: Events in Thrace
40-51: Gaul. The Rebellion of Florus and Sacrovir Tacitus notes that the fears in Rome were greater
than the situation merited because of rumors. When Tiberius is called back to Rome from retirement,
Cornelius Dolabella proposes that he be given a triumph on that account, something which Tiberius
himself disdains. A man name Clutorius Priscus who had delivered a poetic lament “on Germanicus
dying” comes into criticisms for some unwise remarks about Tiberius and the imperial house. He is
threatened with death, but Tiberius doesn’t push the matter.
22 CE
52-55: Rome. The Problem of Extravagance (22 CE) The aediles rais the matter of the sumptuary laws
not being enforced. Tiberius begs off from making any decision on the matter, though he is personally
frugal and approves of frugality. Tacitus notes this is a problem in thejulian-Claudian period - ever
increasing extravagance.
56-59: The Elevation of Drusus Drusus is awarded tribunician powers, which is the basis for imperial
power. This effectively marks him out as Tiberius’ heir. Marcus Silanus argues to use the assumption of
tribunician power as a means of dating, instead of using the consuls. The matter is rejected. Q. Haterius
proposes that the senate’s daily decrees be posted in gold lettering.
60-65: The Sanctuaries of Asia Different cities are pushing various cult sites as sanctuaries. ln this
section, Tacitus says the following: “My policy is to trace proposals in detail only if conspicuously
honorable or noteworthy disgrace for, in my view, the principal obligation of histories is that
manifestation of excellence not go unspoken and for perverse words and deeds to generate fear and
infamy.” Tacitus notes that Tiberius on leaving the Senate whispered in Greek, “Those fellows are ready
for slavery.”
66-69: The Case ofjunius Silanus
70: Condemnation of Caesius Cordus
7l: Rome. Religious Issues
72: Rome. Famous Buildings Repaired
73-74: Africa. Tacfarinas Again
75-76: Rome: Obituaries of the Year The death of junia, Brutus’ sister, and Cassius’ wife, who once
slighted Tiberius at a funeral by not mentioning him, something Tiberius overlooked.
Book IV: the years 23-28 CE
ReplyDelete23 CE
1-4: Situation at the beginning of 23 CE - Roman Empire has been stable for some years, but Tiberius, in
his 9fh year, turns cruel. Aelius Sejanus, the commander of the Praetorian Guard, is a big part of Tiberius
6
going dark. He consolidates the Praetorian Guard to make them more effective. He also seduces Livilla,
the wife of Drusus.
5-7: The Administration of the Empire
8-11: Death of Drusus. This Drusus is the brother of Germanicus and the expected heir to the throne
(the position that Germanicus held before his death). Sejanus, with the help of Lygdus, a eunuch, poisons
Drusus gradually. Tacitus notes: “My own motive in chronicling and refuting the scandal has been to
discredit, by one striking instance, the falsities of oral tradition.” Tacitus adds that his goal is to aim at
truth, “not corrupted into romance.”
12: Plots against Agrippina. The popularity of Germanicus was something that upset Tiberius
tremendously. At his death, Tiberius heaved a sigh of relief. But his widow, and her children, especially
Gaius, AKA Caligula, were held in high esteem by the population, which is how the young Gaius gets to
be Tiberius’ heir late in Tiberius’ reign.
13- 16: Other events of the year, 23 CE
24 CE
17: Beginning of the year.
18-20: The Case of Gaius Silius. “Services are welcome exactly so long as it seems possible to requite
them...(otherwise) the return is hatred instead of gratitude.” lt was a characteristic of Tiberius “to
shroud his latest discoveries in crime under the phrases of an older world.”
21: The Case of Piso
22: Plautius Silvanus
23-26: Africa and Tacfarinas
27: An Abortive Slave Rebellion in ltaly. Slave rebellions were always a concern - the upper half of the
economic ladder owned slaves, and the very wealthy had hundreds.
28-30: Rome: the Case of the Sereni. Vibius Serenus, the son, an informer, is prosecuting his father,
Vibius Serenus. To Tacitus, this seems a sign of the times, and counter to Roman mores.
31: The Case of Cominius
31 -33: The Case of Suillius. Noting other historians’ fame, Tacitus claims that his times are not so kind.
“Min is an inglorious labor in a narrow field.” “While my themes have their utility, they offer the
minimum of pleasure.” “Even glory and virtue create their enemies.”
25 CE
34-38: The Case of Cremutius Cordus. On charges of writing favorably about Brutus and Cassius,
Cordus, in his defense, points to others, including Livry, who did likewise, but were not prosecuted.
He adds that his words may be guilty, but he has committed no guilty act. He also adds that his work, if
ignored, may well be forgotten, but if attacked and surpressed, will likely survive stronger.
39-42: Marriage Plans of Sejanus. Sejanus wants to marry Livilla, telling Tiberius that he seeks no further
honor than to be part of the family. Tiberius, though, wonders if Livilla would be satisfied with a
marriage to a knight only, after being married to Drusus, and that Sejanus is too modest in not wanting
greater honors. He does not commit to the marriage, but says he will not block it, if that is the wish of
Sejanus and Livilla.
Book IV (Continued)
ReplyDelete43: The Temple of Diana, and Other Petitions
44: The Deaths of the Year
7
45: Atrocious Affair in Spain
26 CE
46-51: Disorders in Thrace. Rome and the Thracians both put up a good fight, the Romans to win glory
and avoid ignominy and the Thracians because this is their last best shot at freedom.
52-54: The Distress of Agrippina. Claudia Pulchra, Agrippina’s cousin, is charged with adultery and
poisoning, and she is convicted. Agrippina confronts Tiberius noting that he is attacking and undermining
the very house that Augustus had built. There is a clear expectation of bad times to come for Agrippina.
55-56: Rome. The Contests of the Cities of Asia. Smyrna wins the contest to have a temple built in
Tiberius’ honor. Smyrna points to its support of Rome (in the case of Sulla) when things were grim, and
the Senate agrees. A supernumerary legate is appointed to oversee the construction.
57-58: The Retirement of Tiberius. From 26 through 37, Tiberius spent almost no time at Rome,
preferring to rule in the seclusion of Capri. Tiberius had never really been a people person, and was
eager to rule from seclusion. Tacitus suggests this might have happened at the suggestion of Sejanus, but
notes that it could just as easily be the case that Tiberius wanted to engage his vices privately, because
of his outward fear of notoriety An augur makes the prediction that Tiberius will never return to
Rome.
69-6 l: Accident at Spelunca. Sejanus saves Tiberius’ life when they are dining in a cave which collapses.
He uses his newly increased influence to go after Nero. Q. Haterius, the famous orator, dies in this
year. Tacitus notes that his books not quite as famous as might be expected given his reputation. He
suggests that Haterius brought a lot to his performance of speeches, something missing in the texts.
27 CE
62-63: Catastrophe at Fidenae. A freedman, Atilius, builds a substandard amphitheatre which collapses
maiming or killing some 50K people. The Senate passes regulations so that won’t happen again, and
Haterius is exiled.
64-65: The Great Fire of Rome. This is not the most famous fire in Roman history, that which took
place in 64 CE, under the Emperor Nero. Rome, at this time, had upwards of a million people, living in
an area not bigger than midtown KC. Many of the buildings were made of wood, and, as homes were
heaped together in rows, once a fire got started, it spread quickly. This fire took place on the Caelian
hill. Tiberius is quite generous in his response to the disaster. Origin of the name “Caelian” is explained.
66: Rome. The Flood of Prosecutions Unabated. Tacitus notes with scorn the participation of P.
Dolabella, a nobleman, who, by engaging in these show trials debases his noble lineage.
67: Tiberius at Capri. Tacitus notes that, in retirement, Tiberius was now “unbending in equal zest in
hidden vice and flagitious leisure.” Nero and Agrippina are now openly attacked.
28 CE
68-7l: The Death of Titius Sabinus. Sabinus, a knight, was a close friend of Germanicus and he did not
give up on his friend or his family. The situation had gotten so bad in Rome that everyone looked
carefully to see who might be listening. Sabinus is condemned in the Senate, and dragged with gag and
noose about his neck. Tacitus notes that some of Sabinus’ attackers will get their comeuppance years
later, but that, given the yearly structure of annals, he cannot go into that at present.
72-74: Germany. The Revolt of the Frisii. Tacitus notes that the Romans seek safety with Tiberius and
Sejanus through sycophancy. They suggest building an altar of mercy, showing the two men together.
75: Marriage of Agrippina the Younger. Up to this point, Agrippina the Younger, daughter of Agrippina,
the wife of Germanicus, and sister to Gaius Caligula, has not featured. Here she marries Gnaeus
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Domitius, by whom she will become mother to the future emperor, Nero. Agrippina the Younger
becomes important in Books XII-XIV, where she has power over the Emperor Claudius, and then over
her son, the Emperor Nero.
Book 5: the years 29-31 CE
ReplyDeleteOnly the first five chapters of Book 5 survive in the manuscript.
29 CE
1: The Death of the Empress Livia. When Tiberius’ mom dies, he’s somewhat glad to be out of her
influence. Of Livia, Tacitus says the following: “An imperious mother and an amiable wife, she was
match for the diplomacy of her husband and the dissumlation of her son.”
2-5: Rome. The Reign of Terror. Tacitus notes that after Livia’s death, Tiberius was more prone to
despotism. This was “the beginning of an unmitigated and grinding despotism.” Agrippina and Nero are
attacked, though the people stand behind them. Anonymous attacks on Sejanus start.
The manuscript (there’s only 1 for books 1-6, written down sometime in the 9th c. CE at the German
monastery of Fulda) breaks off in the middle of chapter 5.
There are a few additional fragments which treat of the period after the fall of Sejanus. These may come
in Book 5, or from the start of Book 6, which we do not have.
Book 6: covering the years 31 through 37 CE
ReplyDeleteFr. I-2: Speech and Death of an Unknown Supporter of Sejanus
Fr. 3: The Cases of Vitellius and Pomponius
Fr. 4: The Fate of Sejanus’ Children. Both his son and daughter are killed by strangling. In the case of
the girl, she is violated first, as there is no provision for killing a virgin.
Fr. 5: The False Drusus. An impostor springs up in the East claiming to be Drusus. Tacitus has this to
say about the Greeks that they take to the false Drusus, for “the Greek mind eagerly fastens on what is
new and marvelous.”
Fr. 6: Feud Between the Consuls
32 CE
1-7: Political Intrigue and a letter from Tiberius to the Senate. Tiberius returns to his pleasures “out of
shame for his crimes and the unbridled passions with which he was so afire that king-like he defiled
freeborn youth with perversions.” “I am aware that most writers omit the full tally of perils and
punishments. They flog at the supply and fear that material they found excessive and grim may affect
readers with like fatigue. But many matters worth knowing have come to my notice, even if unheralded
by others.” Tacitus reports how people were quick to report on others to keep themselves safe from
the same charge.
8-9: The Case of Marcus Terentius, Sextus Vistilius and Others. Marcus Terentius, brought up on
charges of connections to Sejanus does not deny their friendship, but proclaims it, adding that such a
friendship was the best way to advancement and that all did likewise.
10: Vitia’s Death. Tacitus calls it murder but he provides no proof thereto.
10: A Natural Death: that Tacitus is singling a natural death out for comment indicates that many deaths
were premature and not natural. This is the death of L. Piso, the pontifex, who died of old age.
9
11: The Office of City Prefect. A brief history of the city prefect, originally appointed by the king to
serve the city’s needs in the king’s absence, and then continued in the Republic when both consuls were
out of Rome, and by the emperor for like purpose.
12: The Issue of the Sibylline Books: There had been a series of books attributed to the Sibyl
(prophetess) of Cumae from early in Rome’s history. Here someone claims to have found an additional
collection of Sibylline prophecies, without doing due diligence to ascertain their authenticity.
13- 14: Discontent in the City and More Prosecutions. Tiberius does not comment on the grain shortage
which causes disruptions. He felt his silence was citizenly, but was seen as arrogance and lack of care.
Rubrius Fabatus was caught taking an unauthorized trip but “remained unscathed from forgetting rather
than cIemency.”
33 CE
15: The Marriage of Tiberius’ Granddaughters
16: The Problem of Usury. There were laws on the books against letting money out at interest, but they
were neglected, “private profit taking precedence over public good.”
17: A Financial Crisis
ReplyDelete18-20: The Revival of the Terror: the height of the terror occurred while Sejanus was in power. Now it
revives following his death. Regarding Gaius (Caligula), Passienus said “Never was there a better slave
or worse master.”
21: Tiberius and Astrology. Tiberius welcomes the astrologer Thrasyllus into his company when
Thrasyllus picks up that he is about to be hurled from the heights to his death.
22: The Problem of Fate and Free Will. Tactius states that “most people [believe] at birth one’s fortune
is determined.”
23-24: The Deaths of Asinius Gallus and Drusus. “Tiberius chose brutality over regret.” The Senate is
shocked at Tiberius’ openness about his grandson, Drusus, being tortured by slaves.
25: The Death of Agrippina. Regarding Agrippina: “”intolerant of equality, greedy for mastery, masculine
her concerns - had shed women’s vices.”
26: The Suicide of Cocceius Nerva and the End of Plancina. Nerva commits suicide by not eating.
Tiberius is upset at his passage, losing a good friend and worried about how it looks.
27: Unsuitable Marriage forjulia. Regarding the Aemelii - the clain “is fecund of good citizens, and even
that family’s degraded characters had notable Iives.”
34 CE
28: Egypt. The Year of the Phoenix
29-30: Rome. Continuance of the Terror
35 CE
31 -37: Eastern Affairs. War with Parthia reclaiming Armenia. Rome is victorious under L. Vitellius. The
Armenians hated the cruel Artabanus and were ready to jump to the other side. Abdus, one of
Artabanus’ sons, was a eunuch, which Tacitus brought no shame in their culture, but was seen as a sign
of strength. He is poisoned at Tiberius’ orders. The Albani claim descent from ]ason’s men, and they
revere the story of the Golden Fleece.
38-39: Rome. Continuance of the Terror. Tacitus notes that he has combined two accounts, “to give the
ReplyDeletemind relief from domestic eviIs.” Tacitus seems shocked that Tiberius has Trio’s statements regarding
10
him read aloud. He concludes that constant flattery angered Tiberius and that he wanted to hear the
truth, even if unflattering. On the death of Poppaeus Sabinus, Tacitus adds that he was of no special
talent, but held all sorts of jobs “because adequate to the task and no more.”
36 CE
40: More deaths. The suicide of Vibulenus Agrippa in the Senate. The suicide of Vibulenus Agrippa in
the Senate was noteworthy. So many deaths for treason or perceived treason that this suicide in the
Senate was remarkable. lt shocked the Senate that had gotten used to the terror.
41-44: Revolt in Cappadocia. Events in Parthia. The fall of Selucia is noteworthy as it was a walled city
and remained Macedonian. Good system of government, a senate of 300, but when squabbles broke
out, they would look to the Parthians for support, and the Parthians would enslave all. When some
come to Artabanus, who had fallen from favor, for help, he “perceived that the false in affection were
not faking hatred.”
45: The Fire on the Aventine. Tiberius is generous in dealing with this natural disaster. He gets some
honors, but “which ones he refused or accepted was unclear; life’s end was near.”
37 CE
46: The Problem of the Succession. Tiberius knows he must prepare for succession. His choice would
be Drusus, but he is too young. Gaius is beloved of the people, but hated by Tiberius, and he is old
enough. Even Claudius was considered. He didn’t want to go outside the family in hopes of keeping the
secrets. Though weakening, he “gave up none of his debaucheries,” seeing in them some sort of vigor.
47-48: Rome. Last Phase of the Terror. On Laelius Balbus’ punishment. He was led to the Senate
rejoicing - “grimly eloquent, eager against the innocent.”
49: The Case of Sextus Papinius
50: The Death of Tiberius. On the point of death, Tiberius has a rebound, and so Caligula’s allies have
to help nature along.
51: Character of Tiberius. Tacitus’ judgment of Tiberius is that he had some good in him, so long as he
was not in power. He had been a good general, and a good administrator, but when he got power,
those vices he kept in check out of deference to mom or to Sejanus, he gradually revealed and when
they were gone, and he “was simply himself,” he gave in to vice.
Book Vl also breaks off. The entire reign of Caligula and the first half of Claudius’ reign are missing.
Book XI
ReplyDeleteThe work picks up in Book Xl, in the year 42 CE. Book Xl is based on a manuscript written in Monte
Cassino at the Benedictine Abbey there in the 11th c. It is written in a different and rather difficult script.
There are a dozen or so copies of this manuscript which also exist, and occasionally those copies help
us decipher a difficult word, or determine the form of any given word.
Book Xl
47 CE
1-3: The Case of Valerius Asiaticus. Valerius Asiaticus is a man of consular rank. He is brought up on
charges of treason, possibly because of Messalina’s jealousy. He had been involved in the death of Gaius
Caesar, which contributed to Tiberius’ rise, so he is not innocent. He faces his accuser, Suilius, bravely
- “Question thy sons, Suilius ,... they will confess me man!” He bravely commits suicide, taking time to
supervise his pyre’s construction and location, away from the trees.
4-5: Further Prosecutions by Suilius. Suilius is presented as a corrupt prosecutor. He took money from
Samius, a Roman knight, to defend him, all the while working with his opponents. The Senate is
11
outraged and they call on the Cincian law, which forbade advocates from being reimbursed for their
services, to be enforced.
6-7: Legal Fees. A debate on the matter of fees in the Senate. Suilius argues that the orators of old were
satisfied with the fame they got, and asked no fees. A counter argument is made that some orators are
not wealthy and, if they can charge no fee, oratory itself will suffer from the loss of talented speakers.
Claudius allows fees but sets the maximum fee at l0,000 sesterces.
8-IO: Events in the East. ln Parthia, the popular leader Vardanes is killed and chaos erupts. Gotarzes
wins, but “by dint of cruelty and debauchery,” he loses popular support and Rome is asked to intervene.
11: Rome: the Secular Games. The Secular Games, which began under the kings, were supposed to be
held every |00 years or so. ln the later Republic, they were not held, but Augustus revived them, to be
followed by Claudius 64 years later, and Domitian about another 50 years after that. Tacitus had been
involved in the games held in Domitian’s reign, and so knows a fair amount about them.
12- 13: Messalina and Gaius Silius. Messalina, Claudius’ wife, was known for her sexual appetites and her
ability to twist Claudius around her little finger, a quality she shared with his next wife, the younger
Agrippina. “Silius was blind neither to the scandal nor to the danger (of sleeping with Messalina), but,
since refusal was certain death, and since there was some little hope of avoiding exposure, and since the
rewards were high, he consoled himself by closing his eyes to the future and enjoying the present.”
Claudius, ensconced in his role as Censor, and in creating new letters for the Latin alphabet, doesn’t
notice. Claudius’ three letters were one which would take the place of bs and ps, so words like urbs
(city) would look different, one which looked like an upside down backwards F to serve the function of
the “w” sound in Latin (currently served by the v/u, which was also a vowel), and the half H, which
served to mark the aspiration in words like pons (bridge), where the p would have some breath behind
it (in English, p has quite a bit of breath behind it). These letters did not survive Claudius’ reign, except
in stone and bronze inscriptions.
Book XI (Continued)
ReplyDelete14-15: Origins of the Alphabet. lt was said that Claudius took an interest in language, and was one of
the few Romans left in his generation who knew the Etruscan language. Tacitus’ understanding of the
alphabet is a bit peculiar. He suggests the Egyptians and the Phoenicians had an alphabet (they didn’t),
and that the Greeks only copied the Phoenicians (again, oversimplification). As censor, Claudius also
pushed for the procedural reform of the haruspicy (the practice of divining the future by looking at
animal intestines).
16- 17: Events in Germany. A German prince, who grew up in Rome, and was part Roman, ltalicus, is
acclaimed leader in Germany. His uncle had been Arminius, and he was charismatic, displaying courtesy,
but “more frequently the drunkenness and incontinence dear to barbarians.” He loses support due to
German factionalism.
18-21: Corbulo in Lower Germany. Regarding Curtius Rufus, a man who sees a large woman
proclaiming he would become proconsul of Africa, and takes it as an omen, described as “long of life and
sullenly cringing to his betters, arrogant to his inferiors, unaccommodating among his equals..."
22: Rome: the Office of Quaestor: the quaestorship was traditionally the lowest rung on one’s political
career. A quaestor might serve as a paymaster to the army, or otherwise oversee the finances of Rome
or one of the provinces. The rest of the cursus honorum was the aedileship or the tribunate (only the
members of the plebeian class could be tribunes, whose original job was to protect the plebs - the
lower class -from the patricians - the upper class, which held political power. The tribune had the veto
power over legislation, and it was the “tribunician power” which was awarded the emperor, who was
not plebeian at this time, which afforded the emperor his political power (backed up by his control as
imperator [commander-in-chief]). The 3rd step up the political ladder was the praetorship, which was
generally followed by a proprietorship, a governor’s post, for at least a year, often more. The final step
was the consulship. The consulship was created when the Roman Senate led a revolt against the king,
12
Tarquin the Proud, in 5l0-509 BCE. There were two consuls, each being a check on the other, and
each held office for one year only, being another check, and one could not serve as consul without a gap
of I0 years, yet another check. Consuls did have a lot of power, but they had to work stuff out to get
anything done. Consuls gave their name to the year as well. So, 48 CE would be the year when Aulus
Vitellius and Lucius Vipstanus Publicola were consuls. Romans also used the date from the founding of
Rome (trad. date: 753 BCE), so 48 CE would also be listed as 802 AUC (from the founding of the city).
Tacitus’ point here is that what had been the first stepping stone in a political career, open to men of
ability, was largely being “sold” to those who could afford to put on gladiatorial contests, as suggested by
P. Dolabella.
Book XI (Continued)
ReplyDelete48 CE
23-25: Rome. Discussion in the Senate on expanding the Senate membership. The Roman Senate
generally had around 300 members. Senatorial membership was generally awarded to people who had
attained the praetorship or beyond, though not all were offered membership. One of the jobs of the
Censors (post was held for a year and a half every five years) was to go through the Senate rolls and
expel members who had somehow besmirched the reputation of the Senate. Claudius and the Senate
allow the Aedui, Gauls who had long been supporters of Rome, to be eligible for the Senate. As soon as
Claudius was done with his censor’s tasks, he became aware of Messalina’s infidelities.
26-38: The Fall of Messalina. The empress, who was engaged in all sorts of political intrigue is brought
down. While Claudius is off to Ostia on a sojourn, Messalina and Silius openly “get married,” and word
gets to Claudius that he may be ousted as emperor. Messalina’s dalliance with actors and the like were
overlooked, but Silius was a man of some prominence, and was consul elect, so he could pose a threat.
Claudius’ freedman, Narcissus, takes the point here, urging Claudius to swift action and acting as a buffer
for those advocating mercy towards the empress. Fearing that Claudius will weaken when Messalina
argues her case, Narcissus has her killed, and the deed reported as a fait accompli. When Claudius
hears the news, he shows no reaction, even seeing his kids in tears at the loss of their mom, and seeing
Messalina’s accusers rejoicing.
Book Xll: the years 48-54 CE
ReplyDelete48 CE
1-4: The aftermath of Messalina’s death. lt is determined that a wife must be found for Claudius, “a man
impatient of unmarried life and obedient to wives’ command.” The three freedmen, Pallas, Narcissus
and Callistus support different candidates. Pallas supports Agrippina the Younger, while Narcissus
supports Aelia Paetina, an ex-wife of Claudius, and Callistus supports Lollia Paulina. Debate is held as to
whether Claudius can marry Agrippina (the Younger), his niece. Ordinarily this would be considered
incest, and the Romans frowned on immorality (at least officially), but the Senate accepts the arguments
of L. Vitellius. Vitellius also brings up charges againstjunius Silanus, ostensibly for “incest” with his
sister, though Tacitus denies this. Vitellius has Silanus thrown off the Senate rolls, though the census
period is over for a few years. Silanus ultimately takes his own life when he realizes Agrippina will be
empress. A man Eprius Marcellus takes over Silanus’ praetorship for the last day.
49 CE
5-8: Claudius and Agrippina are married. Tacitus is especially concerned about Messalina’s influence,
noting “From that time, Roman society was transformed.” Vitellius engineers senatorial support for
Agrippina, who has some popular support (as the daughter of the beloved Germanicus) and the match is
made. Tacitus considers her worse than Messalina, in that she is deliberate and calculating and not just
overbearing. Agrippina does get Seneca’s exile lifted. The reasons for Seneca’s exile are unclear, but he
was exiled early in Claudius’ reign. Agrippina also gets him a praetorship, and appoints him tutor to her
son. Seneca remains loyal to her, and angry at Claudius.
13
9: Betrothal of Nero and Octavia. This indicates that Nero’s star is rising, while Britannicus’ is sinking.
10- 14: Eastern Affairs. One of the governors does well, though there had been an extended peace, and
“peace keeps energetic men and cowardly ones level.” A story is told about the reverence of Hercules
at Sanbulos in Parthia, where horses w/o riders are set outside the temple with full quivers. Overnight
they go into the woods around, and come back in the morning with empty quivers. Searching the
woods about, slain animals can be seen.
15-21: War in the Crimea
22-24: Events in Rome
Book Xll (Continued)
ReplyDelete50 CE
25-27: Events in Rome
27-30: The Northern Frontiers
31 -40: Events in Britain. The War of Caratacus. At the end of this rather long section, Tacitus notes: “I
have combined the achievements of two governors over several years.” It’s I I years to be exact, and
this is unusual in the Annals, which is likely why Tacitus comments on it.
5ICE
41 -43: Events at Rome. Here we have our first reference to Afranius Burrus, the commander of the
Praetorian Guard at Agrippina’s urging. Tacitus has respect for Burrus as a good man, and Tacitus
points to Nero’s rather restrained first years (the so-called quinquennium Neronis - Nero’s [first] five
years) as due to the strong influence Burrus and Seneca had over the young emperor. Burrus, like
Seneca, is loyal to Agrippina.
44-51: Eastern Affairs. On the matter of squabbling and troubles in the areas not under Roman control,
Tacitus notes that “every foreign crime is cause for rejoicing.”
52 CE
52-53: Events in Rome. Furius Scribonianus is exiled on grounds of treason, for consulting an astrologer
about Claudius’ future. It is interesting how often astrologers feature in the Annals.
54-55: Events in judaea and Cilicia
56-57: Events in Rome and Italy. Contretemps at the Fucine Lake
53 CE
58-63: A General Review of the Year
64-69: The Murder of Claudius and the Accession of Nero. Agrippina, concerned about losing control
over Claudius, or her son, Nero, losing position, hires Locusta to poison Claudius by doctoring the
mushrooms he eats. Claudius, though affected, seems to recover, and his physician, Xenophon, is
convinced to poison him in the examination. Claudius’ death is not revealed right away, not until the
stage is set for Nero’s accession. Claudius’ death is announced on October I3. He is deified after his
death, as had been Augustus. Claudius’ deification (apotheosis) is mocked by Seneca, who wrote a satiric
piece about Claudius in the Underworld called the Apocolocyntosis (usually translated “Pumpkinification”
or “Gourdification”). Claudius gets “no respect.”
Book I3: the years 54-58 CE
ReplyDelete1-2: The Murder ofjunius Silanus and Agrippina’s Influence. Junius Silanus, the governor of Asia and the
brother of the Silanus done in by Agrippina’s plotting in Rome, was killed by poisoning at Agrippina’s
urging. The poisoners on the scene were found out. Narcissus also has to worry about Agrippina, but
14
Burrus and Seneca stand in the way of anything untoward happening to him. They form a good team,
and “tethered” Nero to “licensed pleasures,” if they could not make him virtuous.
3: Claudius’ funeral. The eulogy delivered by Nero was written by Seneca, and it “displayed much
elegance, given that Seneca’s character was pleasant and suited to the age’s ears.” Nero, “occasionally in
writing verse showed that he possessed the beginnings of an education.”
4-5: Nero’s Policy. In speaking of himself Nero noted “I bring no hatreds, no hurts, and no desire for
revenge.”
The Senate used to meet on the Palatine hill, so Agrippina could listen in. But she almost joined her son
on the dais, which would have violated protocol, but Seneca intervened.
6-10: Eastern Affairs. The Senate fawns over Nero, and a large statue of Nero (the size of the statue of
Mars) is put up at the temple of Mars Ultor.
55 CE
11: Nero’s shows clemency towards Plautius Lateranus
12- 13: The Intrigue with Acte
14- 15: The Break with Agrippina
16- 17: The Death of Britannicus
18-21: The Intrigues of Agrippina. “Of all things mortal, none is so baseless and fluid as the fame of
power reliant on force not its own.”
Agrippina loses influence with her son, and seems poised to install Rubellius Plautus as emperor, but is
denounced by an actor named Paris. Burrus is in trouble as he is seen as an associate of Agrippina’s.
22-24: Other Events of the Year
56 CE
25: Events in Rome. Nero travels around at night in disguise mugging prominent citizens. julius
Montanus, senatorial in rank, recognizes Nero and for that is killed.
26-30: Debates in the Senate. L. Volusius is singled out as a man who died at 9I, very wealthy, but
wealth “used with rectitude” and without upsetting emperors.
57 CE
3 I -33: Overview of the Year. “Very little worthy of record occurred during the year.”
58 CE
34: Events in Rome
35-4I: Events in the East. The Campaigns of Corbulo. CorbuIo’s campaigns are a success. He was a
hard disciplinarian, but he would also share the hardships and work of his men, which wins the troops’
respect.
42-43: Events in Rome. The prosecution of Suilius, though successful, but counter-charges are brought
by Suilius against Seneca. Suilius was convicted, but remained defiant, and he enjoyed his exile in
comfort.
44: Octavius Sagitta. Sagitta, a plebeian tribune, fell in love with Pontia, a married noblewoman. He
spent all of his money on gifts for her, but she kept looking for better options. Begging for one more
night of passion with her, Sagitta kills her.
15
45-52: Poppaea Sabina. She was the daughter of Titus Ollius, but took the name from her maternal
grandfather. She married Otho, who sang her praises to Nero, and caught Nero’s eye. Otho is sent to
Lusitania as governor, and he turns out to be a good governor. “He was wayward when idle, in power
quite sober.” Cornelius Sulla is also seen as a threat by Nero and exiled to Marseilles.
53-58: Events on the German Frontier. The “Ruminal” tree under which Romulus and Remus shaded
themselves as infants, 830 years old, is reduced to brush. This is seen as a very bad sign, but then the
tree shows signs of new life.
Book 14: covering the years 59-62 CE
ReplyDelete59 CE
1- 16: The Murder of Agrippina. “A crime long contemplated, Nero deferred no longer.” Agrippina
comes on to Nero. Seneca dispatches Acte to denounce the incest and the danger to the emperor’s
power. This is sourced to Cluvius and Rusticus. Agrippina was “trained for every disgrace by wedding
her uncle.”
3. The idea of the collapsible boat was Anicetus’ idea.
7. Nero on learning of mom’ survival calls Seneca and Burrus for advice. Tacitus opines: “lt is unclear
whether they were ignorant earlier, too.” Nero on getting the backing of Seneca and Burrus, states
“Today, finally, l am being given power.”
8. People gather near Agrippina’s villa, but back off when they see the column of troops approaching.
9. Agrippina is said to have said, “Let him kill me provided that he rule.”
11. Nero claims that Agrippina looked for shared power and that she opposed all largesse to the people,
and that she was responsible for the crimes during Claudius’ regime. Seneca was criticized for
composing this speech of Nero’s.
12. When the Senate goes out of their way to “celebrate” Nero’s salvation, Thrasea Paetus leaves the
Senate, “causing danger for himself without initiating freedom for the rest.” “So devoid of heavenly
concer were events that, for years afterwards, Nero united command with crime.”
14. Nero wants to race horses and to sing. Seneca and Burrus allow the racing, in hopes of forestalling
the latter.
15. “Nowhere beleaguered behavior, already degraded, with more debauchery than that bog.”
Nero got to singing before the Praetorian Guard, “with officers and Burrus mourning - and praising.”
17-19: Other Events of the Year. Riots in the Pompeian Amphitheatre result in the Senate banning such
entertainments for 10 years.
Book 14
ReplyDelete60 CE
20-21: New Stage Festival Established in Rome. “No one won the prize for eloquence, but Nero was
pronounced the winner.”
22: Rubellius Plautus. Rubellius Plautus was thought a rival for the throne. A comet appeared and that
seemed to portend a change in leadership. Nero requests Plautus head to Asia to tend Plautus’
properties there, and Plautus complies.
23-26: Events in the East
27-28: Other Events of the Year
61 CE
16
29-39: Disaster in Britain. The Romans encounter the Druids and women looking like Furies, and they
are temporarily shocked and make themselves easy targets, but they recover (30). A Victory statue at
Camulodunum (Colchester) slipped and appeared to turn its backs on the Romans (32). The Britons
“rejoice in booty, but hard work finds them slack” (33). Boudicca, a queen who, along with her
daughters was brutalized and raped by the Romans, leads a revolt. She delivers a speech (34).
40-47: Events in Rome
62 CE
48-50: Antistius’ Poems Libelous to Nero and Reaction
51 -59: The Death of Burrus and the Fall of Seneca. Burrus dies, maybe by poison, maybe by natural
causes - something causes his throat to swell. He is replaced by Tigellinus, who is Nero’s partner in
vice. The other candidate for the job was Faenius Rufus, popular with the people and capable, but he
had no chance (5 l). Seneca is now under attack for his wealth, and for his composing verse (he wrote
tragedies), and for making fun of Nero. Besides, his friends tell him, he is grown and no longer needs a
teacher (52). Seneca begs to be allowed to retire and as for the excess wealth, he’s willing to give it into
the emperor’s hands (53-4). Nero’s rebuttal He argues that he still needs Seneca’s sage advice, that his
service to the state and the emperor are worthy of so much more. He even embraces and kisses
Seneca. Nero is “a man fashioned by nature and trained by habit to veil hatred with deceptive charm”
(55-56). Cornelius Sulla who had been exiled to virtual house arrest in Marseilles is executed. His
severed head is brought to Nero who mocks his grey hair. He was accused of showing off “old” Roman
virtues and “Stoic aggression” to the emperor (57).
60-65: The Fate of Octavia. Octavia is dismissed as barren. One woman responds to Tigellinus, who is
trying to get dirt on Octavia that “Octavia’s female parts are cleaner than your mouth.” Anicetus is
convinced to claim that he committed adultery with Octavia. He is promised rewards if he so claims,
and instant death, if he does not. Octavia was tied down, her veins opened, and she was set in a steam
bath to help the blood flow better. Her head was cut off and shown to Poppaea. Tacitus reports the
servility of the Senate in all this, saying that he will not keep quiet about it.
Book 15: the Years 62-65 CE
ReplyDelete1-5: Affairs in the East. Success under Corbulo. Corbulo continues to do good work, but he receives
Caesennius Paetus as a lieutenant, a man not qualified, and too harsh, who stirs up local resentment.
6: Affairs in the East. Disaster under Caesennius Paetus
7-8: The Designs of Paetus
9: The Moves of Corbulo
10- 15: Disaster to Paetus. ln noting that there have been times when Romans did not live up to their
best ideals, Tacitus adds “Even antiquity, strong though it was, and admired, whenever Fortune turned
contrary, took thought of safety.” (I 3)
16- 17: A Shameful Retreat
18-22: Events in Rome. People in Rome angling for political offices, “adopt” kidsd to appear to have a
family, which gives them an edge.
Earthquake in Pompeii reported without much fanfare. This devastating earthquake was a sign of
Vesuvius’ awakening, but as the mountain remained intact with no eruption, no connection was made at
the time. Tacitus would have reported on the eruption of Vesuvius in the Histories - we have a letter
from his friend Pliny in which Pliny gives an eyewitness account of the eruption (he had been staying
nearby at the time). Pliny the Elder, Pliny’s uncle, investigated the eruption and died of smoke inhalation,
doing so.
17
63 CE
23: Poppaea Gives Nero a daughter
24-31: Events in the East
32: Rome: Other Events of the Year
64 CE
33-37: Rome. Nero on the Stage. Nero stops to see Vatinius’ gladiatorial games at Beneventum. Tacitus
describes the man as a “monstrosity,” “raised in a cobbler’s shop, twisted of body, scurrilous of wit,”
who gained power through his attacking excellence (34). Nero doesn’t get to Greece as he had
planned, saying: “l have seen my fellow citizens’ gloomy faces. I can hear their hidden lament about my
embarking on so long a journey when they can scarcely survive even my limited departures.” People’s
concerns according to Tacitus were for the food supply (36). “Nero himself, befouled by things licit and
illicit, left untried no outrage by which to increase his degradation.” He “marries” a freedman,
Pythagoras, taking the part of the bride (37).
38-43: The Great Fire of Rome. Nero performs “The Sack of Troy” while Rome burns (39). Nero’s plan
to rebuild includes a magnificent home for himself, the “Domus Aurea” (42). The city afterwards is
better laid out, but some complained of too much sun and oppressive heat, with the buildings not built
so close together (43).
Book 15 (Continued)
ReplyDelete44: Punishment of a Sect Called Christians. The Christians are blamed for the fire, as people talk of
Nero ordering it done to clear out a section of the city for his grand building plans. Tacitus’ mention of
Christians is the earliest non-Christian reference to the religion and its leader. Tacitus notes that there
were Christians even in Rome, “into which from all directions everything appalling and shameful flows
and foregathers.” He says of the Christians, “guilty and deserving of extreme measures though they
were, the Christians’ annihilation seemed to arise not from public utility but for one man’s brutality.”
45-46: A Drive for Funds. Seneca claimed physical ailment to stay out of the public sphere. A freedman,
Cleonicus, fails at poisoning Seneca, perhaps out of his suspicion, but also because of Seneca’s rather
sparse diet.
47: Other Events of the Year
65 CE
48-57: The Conspiracy of Piso. This is one of the key passages in the Annals. Piso, who had an illustrious
career and an impeccable pedigree, seemed a great choice to replace Nero following a coup. Tacitus
notes that “even women vied to enlist” in this conspiracy. Piso was popular “for his virtue - or qualities
that looked like virtues.” Tacitus does note that Piso was something of a spendthrift, which was seen as
a good thing in Rome at the time. “So sweet are their vices that people want a government neither
disciplined nor overly severe” (48). The people involved are involved for different reasons. Some are
involved for political reasons, or love of Rome, others for personal animosities towards the emperor.
The poet Lucan, for instance, was upset because Nero would not allow his works to be published.
Lucan, the nephew to Seneca, is famous for writing one epic, the Pharsalia, which tells the story of the
Roman civil war between julius Caesar and Pompey. lt takes the side of the Republicans, Pompey’s side,
and the chief heroic figure is Marcus Porcius Cato, the father-in-law of Brutus (the one who killed
Caesar). Lucan’s involvement in the conspiracy would automatically put Seneca under suspicion (49).
Faenius Rufus was involved, and Tigellinus, suspecting as much, spread rumors about Rufus and
Agrippina (50). Epicharis, a freedwoman, is also involved, but, though denounced, she is successful in
denials (5 l). Debate over where to assassinate Nero. Best place would be Piso’s house, but Piso is
worried about the violation of guestJhost relations. Nero uses the conspiracy to go after Vestinus, who
was hated by Nero (52). Lateranus is to trip and fall upon Nero, pinning him at the races at the Circus
18
Maximus. Tacitus says of him that he was “stout of heart and huge.” Scaevinus is to use a dagger from
the Temple of Well-Being or the Temple of Fortune (53). Scaevinus blows it the day before, enlisting the
help of a freedman, Milichus, who rats him out (54). He holds to denial, but then Antonius Natalis, with
whom Scaevinus had been in contact, and their stories don’t match. Natalis implicates Seneca (56).
Epicharis serves as a noble example. She is tortured, but doesn’t confess, and then, when she is tied to
a chair (many of her limbs are damaged in interrogation), she uses the rope to strangle herself. And so a
freedwoman does what free men were unable or unwilling to do (57).
Book 15 (Continued)
ReplyDelete58-63: The Terror and the Murder of Seneca. “Many things are accomplished by trying, toilsome though
they seem to the indolent” (59). Nero is eager to get Seneca, “by sword, poison having disappointed”
(60) - earlier Tacitus suggested the poisoning story was rumor only. Seneca tells the troops who arrive
to ensure he dies that he has been no flatterer of the emperor. He is prevented from making out a will,
but turns to his friends and family, saying, “l leave you my one last - and most beautiful - possession, the
cast of my life.” Seneca’s wife also wants to commit suicide, which Seneca commends (62).
“Summoning scribes, he imparted to them much that, given to the public in his own words, I forbear to
recast” (63), So far as l know, we don’t have any of these final words of Seneca. Seneca’s end is
somewhat comical (64) in that he can’t quite commit suicide easily.
64-71: The Fate of Paulina. Paulina is prevented from suicide at Nero’s orders, apparently to appear
merciful. Subrius Flavus, when confronted by Nero, says: “l began to hate you when you revealed
yourself a killer of mother and wife, charioteer, actor and incendiary” (67). Tacitus says that he reports
Flavus’ words because not widely reported. Lucan dies reportedly quoting a death scene from the
Pharsalia (70).
72-74. Aftermath of the conspiracy. Some people are rewarded. The freedman, Nymphidius,
suspected of being Caligula’s son, is awarded an honorary consulship.
A book of confessions of the condemned is published. Thanksgiving is made in form of games and
temple dedications. The dagger that Scaevinus was supposed to use against Nero is dedicated to jupiter
Vindex (“Avenger”), which is later seen as an omen, as a general named Vindex leads a revolt in 68 CE,
which starts the downward spiral leading to Nero’s death. Anicius Cerealis, the consul designate,
suggests that a temple to Nero as a god be built, “for one who exceeded mortal limit and deserves
men’s veneration.” Nero nixes the idea, as only dead emperors have temples dedicated to them as gods
(Augustus and Claudius).
Book 16: the Years 65-66+ CE
ReplyDelete1-3: Dido’s Treasure. Caesellius Bassus, a Roman from Carthage, had a dream in which he imagined
coming upon Dido’s treasure on his land. As his dreams had not deceived him before, he shared the
information with the emperor, but when the land was searched, no gold was found. Bassus committed
suicide.
4-5: Nero on the Stage. Nero quite open about appearing on the stage now. “The city population,
accustomed to cheering the performance, even of actors, responded noisily with their regular
acclamation and pre-arranged applause.” People in attendance were careful to appear interested to
avoid imperial anger. Vespasian, who would become emperor in 69 CE, was caught nodding off, but
somehow escaped consequences.
6: The Death of Poppaea. Poppaea dies from Nero’s kicking her. She was pregnant at the time. Some
argued that he wanted Poppaea out of the way for some reason, but Tacitus suggests he felt affection
for her and wanted her child, so that the emperor’s kick was likely out of sudden anger.
7- 13: Other Victims of the Terror. Gaius Cassius is kicked out of the Senate on Nero’s
recommendation. Nero didn’t like that he was descended from the conspirator, Cassius, who killed
julius Caesar. Silanus refuses to commit suicide, compelling the centurion who brought the news of his
19
condemnation to kill him, but only after a fight, and with wounds all in the front (9). Vetus refuses to
make Nero his chief beneficiary in his will (in order to save some of his estate for his kids and
grandkids), “lest he stain a life lived very nearly in liberty by terminal servility” (I I). Claudius Orfitus
recommends changing the calendar months April, May and june to Neroneus, Claudius and Germanicus.
The name ofjune was inauspicious, as junius Torquatus had just been executed (I2).
66 CE
14- 17: The Cases of Publius Anteius and Ostorius Scapula. Tacitus apologizes for all the gruesome
details of the terror, and the way many took it. “As it is, slavish passivity and the volume of blood
squandered at home weary the spirit, hobble it with sorrow.” Tacitus says that he is not so angry at
those who went like lambs to slaughter, those dying “so slackly,” but that there was some divine anger
aimed at Rome.
18-20: The Character of Petronius. Petronius Arbiter, Nero’s “arbiter of excellence” (sort of a
degraded and debased Martha Stewart). “Other men reached renown through exertion, he through
indolence.” Tacitus does note that Petronius, as governor of Bithynia, did a good job and was equal to
the challenge. When he is ordered to kill himself, he takes his time about it, and acts as if it was
nothing special. He does add a codicil to his will in which he names all of Nero’s perversities, and
catalogs his partners.
21-33: The Assault on “Virtue.” This section focuses mainly on the attack on Thrasea Paetus and Barea
Soranus, two noble men who did not suck up to Nero. Both men die nobly, without kowtowing to
Nero.
34: The Death of Thrasea Paetus. Book I6 breaks off at a moment where Paetus, dying, turns to the
Cynic Demetrius to say something...
The complete Annals, covering the years 14-68 CE, is thought to have been I8 books in length, in which
case we are missing the last half of Book 16, and all of Books 17 and 18. The Annals would have ended
with the accession of Galba as Rome’s 6th Emperor in 68 CE. We don’t know for sure that there were
18 books, but St. jerome stated that Tacitus’ major historical works equaled 30 books. The
conventional breakdown is that the Histories, Tacitus’ chronicle of the years from 69-96 CE, covering
the end of the reign of Galba, the short reigns of Otho and Vitellius (both emperor for only a few
months), and the reigns of Vespasian, Titus and Domitian (all members of the Flavian family). We have
only the first 4 books, which cover the years 69 (the Year of the Four Emperors) and 70 CE. It is likely
that Tacitus polished up the Flavians in the remaining 8 books, making I2 for the Histories and leaving
I8 for the Annals, provided jerome is correct.
The nine in attendance at the meeting on January 26, 2018 included the following:
ReplyDeleteMarty Hatten
Bernard Norcott/Mahany
John Rasmus
Elaine Krammer
Tom Brown
Jack Granath
Leroy Seat
Karen Hostetler
Clif Hostetler